نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on spiritual health and image of God of parents of children with cancer using semi-experimental with pre - posttest control group was randomly assigned and by following up has done during six-month. For this purpose 30 parents (From 24 to 54 years old) that their children due to cancer were in Mahak hospital under medical treatment and had volunteered to participate in counseling programs, Were assigned randomly to two experimental and control groups. Before the therapeutic intervention, both groups with spiritual health questionnaire (1982) and religious status questionnaire RSI (2003) were evaluated. The experimental group participated in twelve 90-minute sessions of cognitive-existential therapy that attended 2 sessions per week, while the control group did not use any psychological intervention during this period. After treatment, both groups were evaluated with the above tests. This assessment was carried out for the experimental group separately within 6 months of treatment. The data were processed by using software SPSS-16 for performing statistical test of covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The results revealed a significant difference in the spiritual health and positive impression of God in the two groups in favor of the experimental group (05/0> p), respectively. These results still remained in a 6-month follow experimental group for both variables, and showed that cognitive-existential therapy can be effective to increase spiritual health and create a positive impression of God in parents of children with cancer.

Rumination and issue resolution methods are among the important and effective factors on people mental health. This study aims to explain the role of moderator in problem-solving strategies between rumination and depression was conducted. The sample consisted of 200 female undergraduate students Azad University Qom that was asked of them to complete the Beck Depression scale Inventory (BDI-II), Cassidy and Lung scale of problem-solving styles and ruminative response scale (RRS). The results indicated that there is a significant negative correlation between constructive problem-solving methods (confidence, attitude and creativity) with depression and rumination and significant positive relation between unconstructive ways to solve the problem (of failure, control except avoidance) with depression and rumination. Also, modification analyzed and regression results revealed that between problem-solving strategies only trust practices and controlling are moderating role in relationship between rumination and depression. We infer that the problem-solving styles and rumination are the most important predictors of depression intensity.

Anxiety disorders are the most common problems among children, which can lead to functional problems. Most family studies indicate high overlap of child anxiety disorders and his/her family.
According to the above measures, the aim of this study was to determine the difference between trait-mood anxiety and perfectionism dimensions of mothers of children with and without symptoms of anxiety. Accordingly, a sample of 110 children (55 children with anxiety and 55 children without anxiety) were studied accompanied by their mothers. Anxious children were selected through the sampling and non-anxious children by matched the demographic variables with distressed groups, from elementary schools in Mashhad. Mothers of children are under trait- state anxiety questionnaires, perfectionism dimensions and complete child behavior checklist (parent). Compare the results between the two groups was performed according to independent t test. The results showed that mothers of anxious children had significantly higher levels of trait -state anxiety, parental expectations, parental criticism, and concern about mistakes, high standards and uncertainty than mothers of children without symptoms of anxiety. The results of this study show correlation between the children anxiety with some parental factors such as anxiety and perfectionism dimensions of mothers. So it is appropriate that in the assessment and treatment of anxious children get some attention to some parental factors.

Social anxiety has been the focus of clinical attention as a common problem in the realm of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, due to various problems in compatibility and performance of patients and comorbidity with many adult disorders such as anxiety, depression and avoidant personality disorder. Therefore several treatment models are designed for the restoration of this disorder. One of these models is mindfulness training. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on reducing symptoms of social anxiety from a sample of Iranian girl students who were diagnosed. Accordingly, 21 subjects with social anxiety disorder based on the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and the Structured Clinical Interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID-I) were selected and 10 in the experimental group and 11 patients in group Control were replaced. The experimental group received eight sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and the control group remained on hold. The subjects were completed Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) before and after treatment. Data analysis was performed by comparing mean scores of pre-test - post-test, according to U Man-Whitney test. The results have shown that mindfulness-based stress reduction program led to a reduction in social anxiety symptoms of fear, avoidance, and psychological distress in patients. Based on the findings of this research, mindfulness program has been effective in reducing the symptoms of social anxiety disorder and other parameters in spite of belonging to different culture. So it seems that with regards to the limitations of current research and observance of clinical precautions, this program can be used in treatment centers for samples with social anxiety.

In recent years, a lot of researches are done to explain the theory of goal orientation, as one of the important perspective on the antecedents and consequences of motivation. One of the most important and effective factor on goal orientation is the five main factors of personality. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the five factors of personality and goal orientation was designed. This study was conducted based on descriptive - correlation. For this purpose, 380 students of Birjand Payam Nour University were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected by using two questionnaires of five personality factors (BFI) and Elliot and McGregor’s goal orientation and analyzed in two descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions in Simultaneous way. The results showed that all relationships between the five big factors of personality and four types of goal orientation, except for task-oriented and orientation Function approach is significant. Multiple regression analysis showed that the extroversion variables and experience openness are significant predictors for mastered - approach, performance - approach and performance - avoidance orientation and extroversion variables and task-oriented are significant predictors of dominance – avoidable orientation. In general it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the five factors of personality and goal orientation and personality is a significant predictor for goal orientation.

The aim of this study was predicting perceived stress based on cognitive beliefs and mindfulness in the students of Islamic Azad University Bukan.The study is a correlation (predictor) and the statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University Bukan in 1393 who were 1,800.
The subjects of this study were 229, (119 female and 110 male) students of Islamic Azad University, Bukan who were selected by randomly sampling and completed measures of metacognitive beliefs (MCQ-30); 5 factors of mindfulness (FFMQ) and perceived stress (Perceived stress scale- 14). Research data was divided into two groups by using spss software version 19 and statistical methods simultaneous multiple regression analysis and independent t-test. The results showed that both metacognitive beliefs and mindfulness could predict changes related to perceived stress positively and significantly (001/0 > P). As well as the perceived stress in female students is more (001/0 >P). The results showed that metacognitive beliefs and mindfulness have an important role in student's perceived stress. So, according to metacognitive beliefs and mindfulness variables may reduce incidence of perceived stress.

Autism is a disorder of aberrant behaviors such as stereotyped behaviors, impaired communication and social interaction. On the other hand, the family plays a fundamental role in ensuring children health and welfare, learning how to deal with maladaptive behaviors of autistic children are important to parents. This study examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions, family-centered, child-centered and a combination of reduced symptoms of autistic children in real life. The research method is experience with pre-test - post-test design and control group. From autistic children rehabilitation centers in Isfahan, 12 autistic children with their parents were chosen with cluster sampling according to the research entry criteria and participated in the research. To measure the symptoms of autistic children were used their real-life rating scale. Educational - Consulting Horen B model was used for family-centered interventions and applied analysis behavior method for child-centered interventions. Data analysis was performed by covariance analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of three groups of children who were under psychological interventions of child and family-centered and combination of them and control groups (p≤0 /001). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the family-centered interventions, child-centered interventions and the combination is effective in reducing symptoms of autistic children. Combined interventions had more effective.

Difficulties of emotional regulation through factors related to family emotional environment are affected perceived stress levels. This study aims to provide a causal model to explain the relationships of family emotional variables (parenting styles and negative emotion expressiveness in the family) with perceived stress level were performed according to the role of mediator of difficulties in emotion regulation. The sample consisted of 215 teenage students (168 girls and 47 boys) and their parents that adolescents were selected by randomly sampling method. To collect the research data, it was completed the scale of difficulties in emotional regulation (DERS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), family expression scale (FEQ) by teens and parenting style questionnaire (OSQ) by parents. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. The results of factor analysis showed acceptable fit for relationship of emotional regulation difficulties and negative emotional expression in families with perceived stress. Based on path analysis, the direct effect of the difficulties in emotional regulation and negative expression on perceived stress had significant effects. The relationship between parenting styles with perceived stress variables and difficulties of emotional regulation on structural equation modeling was insignificant that was eliminated. Also, there was significant relationship between the expressions of negative emotions in families with difficulties in emotional regulation. Research results show the role of negative emotion expressiveness in the family and emotional regulation difficulties at teen’s perceived stress level.

Early relationships of parents with children and traumatic events in childhood have a significant role in the formation of personality disorders. According to Yang, borderline personality disorder Characteristic is variable modes of thinking, feeling and behavior, which called it "mentality schema”. The present study aims to determine the difference between attachment styles and experience of child abuse in borderline personality disorder patients and normal subjects and also predict schematic mentalities in patients with borderline personality disorder based on the experience of child abuse and attachment styles. The study population were included all patients with borderline personality disorder referred to Razi hospital and Mehr Andisheh counseling center in Tabriz that 60 patients were selected by purposive sampling method, (30 patients with borderline personality disorder and 30 normal subjects). Normal group were matched with borderline personality disorder patients in terms of demographic characteristics. Both groups completed Hazan and Shaver’s questionnaires of mentality schema (SMQ), and attachment styles (AAI), and the experience of child abuse (CASRS). Data analysis was performed by software SPSS version 17 and LISREL Version 54/8 and multi-way Analysis of variance test (MANOVA) and path analysis (Path Analysis). The results showed that research groups showed a significant difference in ambivalent attachment style and emotional abuse, neglect and sexual abuse, child abuse experience scale. The schematic mentalities of child abuse were predicted by attachment styles and scale of child abuse that avoidant attachment style and emotional and sexual abuse had greater share in this prediction. Obtained results support Young’s schema and insist on parents’ bad educational role and their negative initial relations with children on inefficient schematic mindsets. So that the formation of avoidant attachment style, and also experience of emotional and sexual abuse in childhood, makes a person be capable of borderline personality disorder in adulthood.

The aim of the present study is to determine the factor structure of "Social Phobia Scale» (SPIN) in non-clinical sample of Iranian adolescents. For this purpose, initially, by implementing measures on 311 male and female students in second and third of high school, which cluster sampling method were selected from five regions of the South, North, East, West, and Central Tehran, the factor structure of instruments were analyzed by using exploratory factor analysis. In this study, the SPIN was conceptualized in terms of four factors: fear and avoidance of criticism and embarrassment, fear of physical symptoms in interactive situations, fear and avoidance of strangers and authorities; and fear and avoidance of meetings and being center of attention. In the following, in order to examine the above structure, confirmatory factor analysis was used. The results indicated a good fit of factor structures 3, 4 and 5. While the indices of the four exploratory factor analysis of the present study was more desirable. Also, the last examination by using Cronbach's alpha method was indicator of good ending for 4 factors and the last examination by using the average correlation between items demonstrate good ending for all three models 3, 4 and 5. The results of the present study provide evidence for the validity of the factor structure of the SPIN in Iranian teenagers. Totally, the results of the present study provide evidence for the validity of the factor structure of the SPIN in Iranian teenagers.

This study aimed to perform the validity and factorial test of a screening scale of high-risk and problematic use of Internet (PRIUSS) in a group of Iranian students.
In present correlational study, 200 undergrads (100 boys and 100 girls) responded to Persian version of screening scale of high-risk and problematic use of Internet.
In order to determine the factorial validity of PRIUSS was used the confirmatory functional analysis model and to determine the internal consistency PRIUSS was used the Cronbach's alpha coefficients.The results of the confirmatory functional analysis showed that in multidimensional structure of Iranian sample PRIUSS, including emotional harm, social harm and use of Internet with IMPULSIVE data has good fit. The internal consistency coefficients were obtained the factors of emotional harm, social harm and IMPULSIVE use of Internet 0/74 to 0/87 respectively. The results of this study showed that PRIUSS due to a strong theoretical foundation and promising psychometric properties for screening and prevention efforts in the realm of high-risk Internet behaviors in a sample of Iranian youth is reliable.

The fundamental purpose of present study was to determine the dimensions of shame in Quran with a glance to the psychology of shame and achievement of initial model of modesty based on interpretation of Koranic verses. This research project follows a discretional design of library –document type ,so initially based on the terminology modesty, all related verses in the Quran examined and then the preliminary model was drawn based on the interpretation of the Koranic verses.
Research findings were the following points: 1) The word "modesty" is not mentioned in the Quran exactly the same way but "estehya’" from the root of" H y y" in various forms has been used 10 times 2) modesty shows as a fundamental feature of two ranges which is connected to the standards of God's attributes on the one hand and on the other hand is in contact with the wisdom and divine internalized standards. This property is self-protection and due to two factors of gender and condition, can be revealed based on multiple methods in the area of the body and its behavior .3)The great similarity of modesty and shame is that they are considered more fundamental structures of many other behaviors. The basic distinction is that the fundamental criteria referred to in modesty can be traced to religious criteria, while in psychology of shame these criteria are taken from the social and cultural conditions. 4) A preliminary model of modesty based on understanding of the Koranic verses will bring up Modesty as fundamental features of self-protection by monitoring the Lord, and according to personal and social circumstances in the body and spirit ranges.